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Kennedy,
John Fitzgerald (19171963), 35th
president of USA (1961-63). Was born in Brookline (Massachusetts). New
York and Connecticut, and also at summer London school of economy (1935)
studied in private schools in state of Massachusetts. In 1936 has arrived
in the Harvard university, but in 1939 has taken the academic holiday.
Passed practice in embassies of USA in Paris and London (1939). Has ended
Harvard (1940), having received the bachelor's degree with distinction,
and in the same year has arrived in Stanford university. Since September
1941 - in
USA in a grade of the second lieutenant. Participated in operations on the
sea, has received a serious contusion. In 1945 it is demobilized, awarded
with several fighting medals and awards. As the correspondent of the
newspaper covered in 1945 work a San Franciscos conference, elections
in the Great Britain, the Berlin (Potsdam) conference of "the Big
Three". It is elected a member of the House of Representatives of
the Congress of USA in 1946 and it was re-elected in 1948 and 1950. In
1949 and 1951 has made two long trips on the countries of Europe, having
visited including the USSR (1949). It is elected the senator of USA in
1952. Borrowed a hard line on questions outstanding politic a rate of USA,
insisted on necessity of struggle against communism on international scene
and in USA. Has suffered defeat at an early stage of presidential
elections 1956, but has won at elections 4 years after. Transition of
authority was seen in arrival Kennedy to the
White house from people that have been born in XIX century, to the new
generation that has been born in XX century. Since the first months of
stay on a presidential post he has faced with the serious international
problems demanded of him resolute actions. In April 1961 Kennedy
authorized the armed intrusion of military divisions of the Cuban
counterrevolution to Cuba (gulf Cochinos), but at deciding moment he has
refused direct intervention of USA in the conflict, than made this
adventure to defeat. In June 1961 met in Vienna N.S. Khrushchev who has
made unsuccessful attempt of rigid conversation with the young American
president, in particular on " the Berlin question " that was
reflected in the subsequent condition of the soviet-American relationship.
During a meeting with Khrushchev Kennedy has declared, that "if so
will go and is farther, weather in Europe in the near future becomes
disgusting", meaning danger began new war. Kennedy has borrowed so a
hard line, aspiring to convince the USSR in determination of the
government of USA to defend the interests in any part of globe: "Our
task consists in trying to prove, that we are strong". Having acted
in July 1961 by radio and TV of USA, Kennedy again has declared real
danger of war in case of signing of the German peace treaty by Soviet
Union (from DDR), that was understudied the Soviet government as the
ultimatum. On statement of the president of USA N.S. Khrushchev who has
declared in conversation with McCloy reaction has followed that the
American call accepts the USSR and that the peace treaty all the same will
be signed, but that "if USA will begin against us war, that,
probably, Kennedy will be last American president". Kennedy has
proclaimed the doctrine of "flexible reaction", providing
escalating of nuclear and usual military power of USA and strengthening of
the American influence in the world. As region for demonstration of force
Southeast Asia was elected. 1962 Caribbean (Cuban) crisis that has burst
in October has put the world before threat of thermonuclear war. At
deciding moment Kennedy has shown common sense and the state wisdom, not
having given crisis to grow up in military confrontation between the USSR
and USA. Real danger of the nuclear conflict has pushed Kennedy to
essential revision of a political rate of the administration concerning
the USSR. In June 1963 he has acted in the American university with an
appeal to find things in common between the USSR and USA, he having
declared, that among many similar features that peoples of the USSR and
USA have, "there is no more strongly pronounced, than our mutual
disgust for war". He has called for search of the decision of
disputable international problems behind a negotiating table and to
necessity of more realistic approach to the soviet-American relationship,
not refusing thus from a principle of negotiating from the USSR "from a position of force". In August 1963 has signed the Contract
about prohibition of tests of the nuclear weapon in an atmosphere, in a
space and under water, having named it "a first step to the world,
step to reason and step from war", answering "to our interests
and it is especial to interests of our children and grandsons". Then
between Moscow and Washington arrangements on an establishment of a line
of "hot connection" and about sale to Soviet Union a large
party of wheat were achieved, that was understudied in the international
political circles as demonstration of aspiration of USA to normalization
of relationship from the USSR. Simultaneously
under instruction Kennedy on diplomatic and informal channels the sounding
of ground began from a new meeting between him and N.S. Khrushchev. "On all it was visible, - the ambassador of the USSR A.F. Dobrynin, - that
the president informed to Moscow last conversations with Kennedy and his
environment, is especial in conditions of developed pre-election campaign,
would like to have an opportunity of continuation of such dialogue that,
figuratively speaking, to hold the hand on pulse of relationship with
Soviet Union to take into account this major factor during selective
struggle, to have an opportunity to be guided and to not allow any large
miscalculation fraught with a sharp aggravation of the soviet-American
relationship". Has received in 1957 the Pulitzer premium for
biographic work Profiles of Courage (1954). He was lost by hand of
murderers. |
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